الجين الأناني

Blurb

"الجين الأناني" هو كتاب لعالم البيولوجيا التطورية البريطاني ريتشارد دوكنز نشر عام 1976، وهو أول كتاب يؤلفه دوكنز. يقوم الكتاب على النظرية الأساسية المذكورة في كتاب "التكيف والانتخاب الطبيعي" لجورج ويليامز. استخدم دوكنز عبارة "جين أناني" كمحاولة لفحص نظرية التطور من خلال النظرة القائلة بمركزية الجين، وهي وجهة نظر معارضة لوجهات نظر تطورية أخرى كتلك المركزة على الكائن الحي والمجموعة، كما أنها تابعة لفرضيات سبقتها تم الترويج لها في الستينيات من القرن الماضي بواسطة ويليام هاميلتون وغيره. نظرية الجين الأناني ترى بأنه كلما تشابه فردين من الناحية الجينية، كلما لوحظت زيادة السلوك الإيثاري بينهما. لذلك، فإن النظرية تقدم شرحاً جيداً لبعض ظواهر الإيثار بغض النظر عن سوء الفهم الناتج عن تفسير عبارة "جين أناني" وكأنها تعني "جين الأنانية".
يناقش الكتاب نظرية التطور والتطور الثقافي للإنسان. عنوان الكتاب "الجين الأناني" يعبّر عن النظرة ذات الأساس الجيني للتطور، وهي أن الانتقاء على مستوى المتعضيات والتجمعات لا يتجاوز إلا في حالات نادرة الانتقاء على مستوى الجينات، وأنَّ الجينات هي وحدة الانتقاء الأساسية في التطور.
الكتاب أيضا يسك مصطلح "الميم" كوحدة للتطور الثقافي للإنسان مكافئة لوحدة الجين في التطور البيولوجي.

First Published

1976

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Box304

This book is well written and makes a lot of good arguments and scenarios. I do like the author and wanted to make that point before starting. However, this book falls short in many regards. The main problem is that arguments based off of fictitious numbers will always support he who made the argument in the first place (since he chose these fictitious numbers). Ultimately, these arguments are extremely poor unless one elaborates extensively on why the numbers were chosen (which the author here does not). Another issue which I have is that author takes a few jabs at Christianity over the translation of a few words (which is another extremely poor argument). Here is the problem: take a look at the book entitle "The Case for Christ" by Lee Strobel. If one were to attempt to make an argument against Christianity, one should attempt to refute the types of claims Lee makes in this book. You see in order for an argument to be effective one must make that argument at the underlying base as a whole in order to qualify the whole entire argument as ineffective. Attacking an argument not at the base, but at the "fingertips" with trying to attack translations (which are widely accepted as accurate) is an extremely poor argument. For instance, if I were to attack evolution (as being an origin of life theory), I would simply state that "Evolution" does not provide a rationality for how matter came into existence. This would be an argument at the base as to why "Evolution" (as an origin of life theory), is not a good theory at all (because at it's core does not explain anything at all or offer up any sort of explanation as to where matter came from). If I were to attack Islam, I would make remarks such as 1) Muhammad changed text in what was the Bible (which Revelations says not to do) 2) Muhammad claimed to be greater than Christ, who claimed to be equal with God 3) Muhammad led Holy Wars for personal gain (an attack on the prophets Character) 4) Muhammad married a wealthy widow (here seeking only personal gain) 5) Muhammad married many women (here seeking personal pleasure over the Lord) 6) Christ's followers claimed Christ resurrected from the dead, and Muhammad is still dead There are other arguments which can be made, I'm just making the point that these arguments are at the base of what the religion/theory is teaching, and that is how an effective argument is formed.

0 Responses posted in August